Users can apply sequence numbers to permit or deny statements and also reorder, add, or remove such statements from a named IP access list. This feature makes revising IP access lists much easier. Prior to this feature, users could add access list entries to the end of an access list only; therefore needing to add statements anywhere except the end required reconfiguring the access list entirely.
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Access lists perform packet filtering to control which packets move through the network and where. Such control can help limit network traffic and restrict the access of users and devices to the network. Access lists have many uses, and therefore many commands accept a reference to an access list in their command syntax. Access lists can be used to do the following:
An access list is a sequential list consisting of at least one permit statement and possibly one or more deny statements that apply to IP addresses and possibly upper-layer IP protocols. The access list has a name by which it is referenced. Many software commands accept an access list as part of their syntax.
An access list can be configured and named, but it is not in effect until the access list is referenced by a command that accepts an access list. Multiple commands can reference the same access list. An access list can control traffic arriving at the router or leaving the router, but not traffic originating at the router.
Source and destination address fields in an IP packet are two typical fields on which to base an access list. Specify source addresses to control the packets being sent from certain networking devices or hosts. Specify destination addresses to control the packets being sent to certain networking devices or hosts.
When comparing the address bits in an access list entry to a packet being submitted to the access list, address filtering uses wildcard masking to determine whether to check or ignore the corresponding IP address bits. By carefully setting wildcard masks, an administrator can select one or more IP addresses for permit or deny tests.
Wildcard masking for IP address bits uses the number 1 and the number 0 to specify how the software treats the corresponding IP address bits. A wildcard mask is sometimes referred to as an inverted mask because a 1 and 0 mean the opposite of what they mean in a subnet (network) mask.
The ability to apply sequence numbers to IP access list entries simplifies access list changes. Prior to the IP Access List Entry Sequence Numbering feature, there was no way to specify the position of an entry within an access list. If a user wanted to insert an entry (statement) in the middle of an existing list, all of the entries after the desired position had to be removed, then the new entry was added, and then all the removed entries had to be reentered. This method was cumbersome and error prone.
This feature allows users to add sequence numbers to access list entries and resequence them. When a user adds a new entry, the user chooses the sequence number so that it is in a desired position in the access list. If necessary, entries currently in the access list can be resequenced to create room to insert the new entry.
This task shows how to assign sequence numbers to entries in a named IP access list and how to add or delete an entry to or from an access list. It is assumed a user wants to revise an access list. The context of this task is the following:
If your access list is not already applied to an interface or line or otherwise referenced, apply the access list. Refer to the "Configuring IP Services" chapter of the Cisco IOS IP Configuration Guide for information about how to apply an IP access list.
The following example shows access list resequencing. The starting value is 1, and increment value is 2. The subsequent entries are ordered based on the increment values that users provide, and the range is from 1 to 2147483647.
The following example shows how an entry with no specified sequence number is added to the end of an access list. When an entry is added without a sequence number, it is automatically given a sequence number that puts it at the end of the access list. Because the default increment is 10, the entry will have a sequence number 10 higher than the last entry in the existing access list.
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The following table provides release information about the feature or features described in this module. This table lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature.
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Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. Any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.
We present an enhanced native ChIP-seq method tailored to low cell numbers that represents a 200-fold reduction in input requirements over existing protocols. The protocol was tested over a range of starting cell numbers covering three orders of magnitude, enabling determination of the lower limit of the technique. At low input cell numbers, increased levels of unmapped and duplicate reads reduce the number of unique reads generated, and can drive up sequencing costs and affect sensitivity if ChIP is attempted from too few cells.
The optimised method presented here considerably reduces the input requirements for performing native ChIP-seq. It extends the applicability of the technique to isolated primary cells and rare cell populations (e.g. biobank samples, stem cells), and in many cases will alleviate the need for cell culture and any associated alteration of epigenetic marks. However, this study highlights a challenge inherent to ChIP-seq from low cell numbers: as cell input numbers fall, levels of unmapped sequence reads and PCR-generated duplicate reads rise. We discuss a number of solutions to overcome the effects of reducing cell number that may aid further improvements to ChIP performance.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to determine the genomic interaction sites between nuclear proteins and nucleic acids. Standard ChIP protocols used for genome-wide studies typically require large quantities of starting material, in the range of 107 cells. The amount of material immunoprecipitated varies depending on the target protein and antibody employed, but is usually in the range of a few hundred picograms to tens of nanograms.
We present here an N-ChIP method for genome-wide analysis by ChIP-seq, optimised for use with low starting cell numbers (here 200,000, divided into two immunoprecipitations of 100,000 each). This demonstrates ChIP-seq with 200-times fewer cells than a previously published method used as a benchmark for comparison. The performance of the optimised method was evaluated for read mapping, sensitivity and specificity at a range of starting cell numbers covering three orders of magnitude, starting with the published amount of 2 107 cells / IP and reduced to a point where sensitivity was compromised, to determine the limits of the technique.
The ChIP method described here was developed using the N-ChIP method of Zhao and colleagues[20, 21] as a starting point. We therefore set the existing technique, using the published amount of 2 107 cells per immunoprecipitation, as a benchmark against which to compare the performance of our method at a series of decreasing cell numbers. The new method presented here significantly shortens the procedure by eliminating the need for dialysis, and incorporates modifications optimised for low cell numbers.
Chromatin prepared using the two methods was prepared from cultured CD4+ lymphocytes, and immunoprecipitated with anti-H3K4me3 antibody. Enrichment at positive and negative control loci (see methods section) was measured by quantitative PCR prior to generation of Illumina sequencing libraries. Each ChIP-seq library was then sequenced on a single lane of an Illumina GAIIx sequencer, and generated chromatin profiles typical of H3K4 trimethylation, from which peaks were called. At this point it was determined that additional sequencing was required to saturate peak calling (see below) in the lowest cell number employed, so additional sequencing was performed for this sample using a single lane of an Illumina HiSeq 2000 machine. 2ff7e9595c
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